नेपालको एक मात्र दलित विद्यार्थि बस्ने छात्रवास

टेक कुँवर प्रशिक्षार्थी पत्रकार
नागरिक दैनिक
काटमाण्डौ चैत १५

नेपालको एक मात्र दलित विद्यार्थि बस्ने छात्रवास कमजोर आर्थिक व्यवस्थाका कारण सुविधाविहीन अवस्थामा चलिरहेकोछ । सो छात्रवासमा १४ वर्ष देखि साचालक समिति छैन । काठमाण्डौ महानगरपालिका १५ विजेश्वरि स्थित रहेको छात्रवास विसं २०३३ सालमा ३ रोपनि सात आना जग्गामा स्थापना भएको थियो ।

२ तला ३२ कोठा रहेको छात्रवासमा अहिले सत्तरी विद्यार्थि बस्ने गरेका छन । दुइवर्ष अगाडि खाना पकाउने मेस साचालन थियो अहिले सबै विद्यार्थि आ आफ्नो कोठामा आफै खाना पकाउनु परेको र खाने पानि समेत रु प्रति एक रुपैयामा २ लिटर पानि किनेर ल्याउछौ विद्यार्थिहरुको गुनासो रहेको छ ।

समाज कल्याण मन्त्रालयबाट वार्षिक ४५ हजार सहयोग पाउदै गरेको छात्रवासले साचालक समिति निस्क्रीय भएका कारणले गर्दा गत वर्ष आर्थिक सहयोग पाएन । संाचालक समितिको काम भनेको आर्थिक श्रोतसाधन संाचालन गनु विद्यार्थि लाई व्यवस्थापन गर्ने रेखदेख गने छात्रवासमा देखापरेका समस्यालाइ समाधान गर्न हो तर संाचालक समिति नभएकोले यहाका वार्डेन वसन्तकुमार विश्वर्कमा पनि विश्वविद्यालय किर्तिपुर सरुवा भएकोल अहिले अन्योल ग्रस्त भएको छ । निर्मीत वार्डेन राम नेपाली बताए ।
सबैजना विद्याथि गएर विधुत प्राविधिकरण काठमाण्डौ उपत्यका खानेपानि लिमीटे्ड संस्थानलाइ पटक पटक आग्रह समेत गर्दा लाइन काटेको छैन यसभन्दा अगाडि बिधुत प्राविधीकरणले एक पटक पैसा नतिरेको भनि लाइन काटेको थियो । गत असाढ महिनासम्मको खानेपानिको करिव रु ३ लाख विधुत प्राविधीकरणको रु ७० हजार रकमको बिल आएको छ कसरि तिर्ने हौ । हामीहरुले विभिन्न संघ संस्थालाइ सहयोगको लागि आग्रह समेत गरेका थियो तर उहाहरुबाट संाचालक समिति नभएर कसरी तपाइहरुलाइ सहयोग गर्ने भनेर भनेपछि पुरानो संाचाक समितिका पदाधिकारीलाइ १० औ पटक नया कार्य समिति गठन गर्नको लागी पत्र काट्दा समेत कोहि पनि नआएको गुनासो रहेको छ वार्डेन नेपालीको ।
धेरै पटक पैसा छिटो तिनुस भनेर खबर आइसक्यौ पैसा नतिरेकोृमा लाइन काटिनेछ भन्ने बारेन्ट पत्र पाइसकेका छौ तर पैसा कहा बाट तिर्ने हो हामी संग आथिक श्रोत भनेको त्यहि वाषिक ४५ हजार मात्र हो कहाबाट ल्याएर तीर्ने हो थाहा छैन । नेपाल टेलिक्रमलाइ २ वर्ष अगाडि रु २० हजार बिलको रकम तिर्न नसकेका कारण टेलिफोनको लाइन काटेको थियो । अहिले विभिन्न संघ सस्थाले सहयोग गर्न खोजिरहेका छन संाचाक समिति नभएका कारणले अन्योलमा परेका छौ वाडेन नेपालीले बताए ।
पैसा तिर्न नसकेका कारणले गर्दा महानगरपालिकाले फेहोर उठाउन छोडेका कारण अहिले छात्रवास कम्पाउन्डमानै फोहोर पाल्ने गरेका छौ विद्यार्थिहरले बताए । हामी ७० जना विद्यार्थि बस्छौ जावॊॆ एक लाइन त हो खाने पानिको कसरी पुगोस तपाइ आफै भन्नुहोस विद्यार्थि गणेश कामीले भने । एक त ठेगानानै हुदैन खानेपानि आउनको कहिले दिउसो आउछ भने कहिले राति थाहानेै हुदैन ।
त्यतिखेर संाचालक समितिका अध्यक्ष मोहनलाल कपाली कपाली थिए उनको निधन पश्चात बैठक बस्न नसकेको हो र हामीहरुले मन्त्रालयलाइ नया संाचालक समिति गठन गरिदिनुहुन भनि आग्रह समेत गर्दा गठन गरिनदिएको गुनासो पोख्छन दलित आयोगका सदस्य पदम सुनदास ।
दलित आयोग शिक्षा मन्त्रालय र महिला वालबालिका तथा समाज कल्याण मन्त्रालयलाई पाले पिउन साधारण खर्चको लागी वार्षिक ३ लाख ६४ हजार रुपैयाको माग पेशगरेका छौ हाम्रो मागको सुनुवाइ नभएको बताउदछन दलित आयोगका अध्यक्ष र पुरानो संाचालक समितिका सदस्य विजुल विश्वकर्मा ।
नेपाल सस्कृत विश्वविद्यालयको छात्रवासका विद्यार्थिलाइ सरकारले घ्यू मासिक भर्ता समेत दिनेगरेको छ त्यहाबस्ने वार्डेन लाइ समेत तलव लिएको छ म यो दलित छात्रवासमा निस्वार्त रुपले स्वयमसेवको रुपमा काम गरेको छु यो एउटा दलितको लागी ऐतिहासीक छात्रवास हो जो आर्थिक अभावका कारणले लोपहुने अवस्थामा रहेको छ वार्डेन नेपालीले बताए ।
कुनैपनि राजनितिक पाटीले दलित छात्रवासको समस्यालाइ गम्भीरताका साथ नउठाएको छ हाम्रो छात्रवास अहिले वेसाहार हुने अवस्थामा पुगेको छ । यो कस्तो छात्रवास हो हामीहरु हुने थिएनौ एक विद्यार्थिले बताए ।
२०१९ सालमा राजा महेन्द्रले सहश्रनाथ कपालीलांई त्यतिखेरका पाचायतकाल सांसद थिए । दलितहरुलाइ खुसीहुन भनि दिएको रकमले महेन्द्रले बाट बक्सीस स्वरुप रु २५ हजार पाएका थिए त्यहि रकमबाट उनले ३ रोपनि सात आना जग्गा किनेको पाइन्छ ।

तपाइ मासु किन्न जादैहुनुहन्छ किन्नु अघि त्यो उपभोग्य छ छैन

टेक कुँवर प्रशिक्षार्थी पत्रकार
काटमाण्डौ चैत १५ नागरिक दैनिक
तपाइ मासु किन्न जादैहुनुहन्छ किन्नु अघि त्यो उपभोग्य छ छैन त्यो मासु कुन जनावरको हो चेक जाच भएको छ कि छैन कहिल्यै विचार गर्नु भएको छ तर तपाइहरुले यसबारे चोसो नराख्नाले तपाइको वेवास्ताको फाइदा उठाउदैछन मासु व्यापारिहरु ।
अहिले उपत्यकाका मासु पसलमा यस्तै भइरहेको छ । अधिकास मासु पसलेले मासुको गुणस्तरीय छ छैन भनेर पशुपन्छिको चेक जाच गरेको पाइदैन । उनिहरु किन्छन काट्छन त्यस्तै तपाइहरु विना हिच्कीटावट खरिद गर्ने गनुहन्छ । यसरी प्रशासनको वेवास्ता र मासु व्यापारिको लापरवाहिले उपभोक्ताको स्वास्थ जोखिममा परेको छ । उपत्यकामा रहेका मासु पसललाई मापदण्ड मा ल्याउन नसक्दा उपभोक्ताहरु अस्वस्थ मासुजन्य जनावरको मासु खान बाध्यछन । एक त रोगी जनावर अर्को गर्मीको समय यस्तो मासु खानाले उपभोक्ताको स्वास्थ्यमा नराम्रो असर पुयाएको छ चिकित्सक बताउदछन ।
स्थानीय विष्णुमतिको किनारामा चार दशक देखि मासु व्यावसायी गदै आएका चिर्ते शाहि भन्छन कसरी हामीहरु वधशाला निमार्ण गर्न सक्छौ सानो लगानिमा यति ठुलो लगानि गने हाम्रो क्षमता हुदैन यसका लागी स्थानिय निकायले वधशाला निर्माण गर्नको लागी सहयोग नगरेको गुनासो पोख्छन उनि ।
पशु वधशाला तथा मासु ऐन निमार्ण भएपनि लागुहुन सकेको छैन । नियम कानुन छ तर कायान्वयन भएको छैन काठमाण्डौ महानगरपालिका जनस्वास्थ्य विभाग प्रमुख डा बाबुराम गौतम भन्छन गोठ देखि ओठ सम्म आउदा सुरक्षित हुनुपछ त्यसो भएको पाइदैन । अस्वस्थ्य मासुले महामारीको समस्या ल्याउन सक्छ जस्तो कि रातो मासी टाइफाइड जन्डिस आउ झाडापखाला छारे टिबि जस्ता रोगहरुले समस्या ल्याउन सक्ने उनि बताउदछन । ऐनमा पशुजन्य जनावर पशुचिकित्सकले पशुजाच गरेर छाला र रगत निकालेर चिस्यानमा राखेको र छाप लगाएको मासु पसलेले बेच्ने प्रावधान रहेको छ । तर उपत्यकाका अधिकांस मासु पसले भने यस्तो नभएर प्रायजसो खोलाका किनार व्यस्त सडकका किनार मा प्राय जसो मासु पसल खोलेर बिकि्र गर्ने गरेको पाइन्छ गौतम बताउदछन ।
अधिकांश मासु पसलमा गणस्तर चेक जाच हुदैन । उपत्कामा रहेका महानगरपालिका उपनगरपालिकार नगरपालिकाको काम हो निश्चीत स्थानमा व्यवस्थित तरिकाले वधशाला निमार्ण गनुपनेहो तर लागु नगरेकाले यस्तो समस्या देखापरेको हो दृष्टिपुगेन लगानि गर्नुपछ सामुदायिक पशु विकास आयोजनाका प्रमुख डा रेवतिमान श्रेष्ठ बताउदछन । कुनैपनि मासु जन्य जनावरलाइ पशुवधशालामा नै काटिनु भन्दा पहिले सो काट्ने स्थान सफा हुनुपर्दछ तवमात्र काटिने पशुको पशुचिकीत्सक बाट जाच गरेपछि मात्र खान योग्य ठिक छ भनेमात्र खानको लागी योग्य मानिन्छ तर त्यसो गरेरेको पाइदैन । वधशाला नभएक्ो अवस्थामा सफाठाउमा काटेर बिकि्र गर्नुपयो एक ठाउबाट अको ठाउमा लैजादा छोपेर लिनुपयो यसो गदा मासुमा जीवाणुहरुले असर नगरेको र डिप फ्जिमा राखेर र मात्र बेच्नुपर्ने हो तर यसरी बेचेको पाइदैन श्रेष्ठ बताउदछन । आफुहरुले बधशाला निमाण र नमुनाका रुपमा एक दर्जन मासु पसल खोल्नलाइ प्रोत्साहन गरेपनि व्यावसायिहरु त्यसतर्फ आर्कषित नभएको गुनासो गर्छन उनि ।
पशु जनस्वास्थ्य कार्यालयका भेटनरि प्रमुख डा बोधप्रसाद पराजुली का अनुसार राजधानिमा रहेका आधाभन्दा वढि मासु व्यावसायीहरुले अस्वस्थ्य मासु विकि्र गरेको पाइन्छ । यस्ता पसलमा सबैभन्दा वढि रागा र भैसीको मासु वढि अस्वस्थ्य बिकि्रहुन्छ भने यसको तुलनामा कुखुरा बोका खसी र बगुरको मासु कम अस्वस्थ्य को सुचिमा रहेको पाइन्छ डा पराजुली बताउदछन ।
उपभोक्ता हित संरक्षण माचका वरिष्ट अनुसन्धान अधिकृत प्रमोद कोइराला मासु जाच ऐन २०५५ लागुहुनुपयो स्थानिय निकायले इच्छाशक्ति देखाउनु पर्दछ तवमात्र उपभोक्ता सचेतहुनु पदछ । यसरी विना इजाजत लिएर खोलिएका मासुपसलेलाई मापदण्डभित्र ल्याउनको लागी उपभोक्ताले स्थानिय निकायमा दवाव सिर्जना गनुपदछ तब मात्र उपभोक्ता स्वस्थ मासु खान पाउने छन उनि बताउदछन । अहिले उपत्यकामा करिव चौध सय जति मासु व्यावसायी रहेका छन ।


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सबै भेटिया रहदा उनको साथमा

सम्झे इश्वर दयालु छन् हर्षीत भयो सबै प्रहर
डुबेर सपना भित्र उदाइदिए सबै रहर
एउनको यादमा मुटु दुख्न थाल्छ कताकता
लाग्छ मेरो सामिप्यता भित्रै छौ कि यतै कता

अनन्त खुशी सबै हावासँगै उडि गए
जति जे भयो सम्बन्ध सबै विना अर्थ रहे
संघर्षलाई उछिनेर अघि बढ्न खोजे पनी
आशुको धारालाई अमृत सम्झी पिए पनी

उत्साहको दियो बाली कति लिउँ हातमा
उज्यालो नदेख्दै बत्ती निभ्यो मध्यरातमा

नत्रभने राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रको जस्तो अवस्था नहोस तिमीहरुलाई ।

स~चार उद्योगी तथा पत्रकारमाथिको निरन्तर आक्तमण भइरहेकान बेला हत्या बिरुद्द धर्ना बसेका डडेलधुराका पत्रकार । विहिबार दिनभर जिल्ला प्रसासन कार्यालय अगाडि धर्ना दिएर बसेका थिए ।
उता सुनसरी को इनरुवाकमा नेपाल पत्रकार महासंघका अध्यक्ष धर्मेन्द्ध झा ले प्रधानमेन्त्री माधव कुमार नेपालको राजिनामा माग गरेका छन । किनभने पत्रकारको सुरक्ष ागर्न नसक्ने ले तत्काले आफ्नो पद छाड्नुपर्नै कुरा त्यहाका संचारकर्मी संगको छनफलमा बताउनुभएको हो । जिल्ला प्रशासन कार्यालय मा धर्नामा बसेका पत्रकारहरुमाथि प्रहरीले दमन गरेको थाहा पाएपछि आक्रोशित तवरले राजिनामाको माग गरेका हुन ।
त्यसैगरी जनकपुरमा विभिन्न पेशामा कायरत संघसंस्थाका कर्मचारीले संचार उधमी अरुणकुमार िसंहानियाको हत्यारालाइ पक्राउ नगरेमा कडा आन्दोलन गर्ने चेतावनि दिएका छन ।
त्यसैगरी जनकपुरमा सिहांनियाको हत्यारालाई पक्राउ गर्न स्थानिय प्रशासन असक्षयम भएको भन्दै जनकपुरका पेसागत संघ संस्थाले पाचसूत्रिय माग सहितको ज्ञापन पत्र प्रमुख जिल्ला अधिकारीलाई बुझाएका छन ।
अन्तमा आफनो भनाइ किन यस्ता घटनाहरु ब्ारम्बार दोहोरिरहन्छन । सरकारी सुरक्षाकर्मी माथि गहिरो प्रश्न लाग्छ । यस्तो स्थिति सधै नै भइरहन्छ भने न्ेपालको आर्थिक स्थिति नाजुक अवस्थामा आउ सक्छ केवल सरकार पक्षले समयमानै सोच्नुपर्ने बेला भएको छ निजभने यस्तो वातावरणमा किेहि लगानिगर्नमा तम्तयार हुनेवाला छैन । सुरक्षार्नै छैन भने कसले लगानि गर्ने हो । यस्तो अवस्थामा दिनदिै पलायन हदैछन लगानि व्यावसायीहरु समयमा नै सोच सरकारमा पद समालेर बसेका चनाउदाहरु । तिमीहरुलाइ देशको माया छैन जस्तो छ केवल कुर्चीकोमाया मात्र छ जस्तो् लाग्छ । बहूदल लोकतन्त्र सबै आए नेपालमा तर सबै नेताहरु ज्ालि फटाहा विदेशिप्रभुसंग मागी खान मात्र जान्ने भए अब नेपालमा साउदि अरेबियाको कानुन चाहिन्छ नेपालमा अनि खान्छौ गरिव जनताले तिरेको तिरोबाट घुमौला मस्त संग । समयमा नै सोचिहाल नत्रभने राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रको जस्तो अवस्था नहोस तिमीहरुलाई ।

The National Education Planning Commission

The National Education Planning Commission was founded in 1954, the All Round National Education Committee in 1961, and the National Education Advisory Board in 1968 in order to implement and to refine the education system. In 1971 the New Education System came into operation as an integral part of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970-75) of His Majesty’s Government of Nepal; it was designed to address individual, as well as societal, needs in concert with the goals of national development.
Formal schooling in modern times was still constrained by the economy and culture. Children were generally needed to work in the fields and at home. Many students began school late (at ages nine or ten); more than half left school after completing only one year. Educating females was viewed as unnecessary; as a consequence, their enrollment levels were far lower than those of males. Regional variations often hindered the effectiveness of uniform text materials and teacher training. Although the government was relatively successful in establishing new schools, the quality of education remained low, particularly in remote regions where the majority of the population lived. Terrain further inhibited management and supervision of schools.
Most schools operated for ten months of the year, five and one half days a week. In the warmer regions, June and July were vacation months; in the northern regions, mid-December through mid February were vacation months. All schools in Kathmandu closed for winter vacation.
In 1975 primary education was made free, and the government became responsible for providing school facilities, teachers, and educational materials. Primary schooling was compulsory; it began at age six and lasted for five years. Secondary education began at age eleven and lasted another five years in two cycles–two years (lower) and three years (higher). Total school enrollment was approximately 52 percent of school-age children (approximately 70 percent of school-age boys, 30 percent of school-age girls) in 1984. Secondary school enrollment was only 18 percent of the relevant age-group (27 percent of the total boys, 9 percent of the total girls). About 72 percent of all students were male. The Ministry of Education supervised the finance, administration, staffing, and inspection of government schools. It also inspected private schools that received government subsidies.
As of 1987, Nepal had 12,491 primary schools, 3,824 lower secondary schools, and 1,501 higher-secondary schools. There were 55,207 primary, 11,744 lower-secondary, and 8,918 higher-secondary schoolteachers. Primary school enrollments totaled 1,952,504 persons; lower-secondary and higher-secondary enrollment figures stood at 289,594 and 289,923 persons, respectively.
Curriculum was greatly influenced by United States models, and it was developed with assistance from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. The National Education Plan established a framework for universal education. The goal of primary education was to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic, and to instill discipline and hygiene. Lower-secondary education emphasized character formation, a positive attitude toward manual labor, and perseverance. Higher-secondary education stressed manpower requirements and preparation for higher education. National development goals were emphasized through the curriculum.
The School Leaving Certificate examination, a nationally administered and monitored high-school-matriculation examination, was given after completion of the higher-secondary level. Those who passed this examination were eligible for college. In addition, some communities had adult education schools.
In the early 1980s, approximately 60 percent of the primary school teachers and 35 percent of secondary school teachers were untrained, despite the institution of a uniform method of training in 1951. The Institute of Education, part of Tribhuvan University, was responsible for inservice and preservice teacher training programs. Beginning in 1976, the institute organized a distancelearning program – electronic links between distant locations – for prospective teachers. Developments in telecommunications will provide new educational options.
At the higher education level, there was only one doctoral degree-granting institution in Nepal, Tribhuvan University. It was named after King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah, the grandfather of King Birendra, and was chartered in 1959. All public colleges fell under Tribhuvan University. Private colleges were operated independently, although they also were required to meet the requirements and standards set by Tribhuvan University. The total number of colleges increased significantly, from 8 in 1958 to 132 in 1988 (69 under Tribhuvan University and 63 private colleges). In terms of subjects, these colleges covered a wide range of disciplines, such as social sciences; humanities; commerce (business); physical sciences, including some medical sciences; engineering; education; forestry; law; and Sanskrit.
The number of students enrolled in higher education institutions totaled almost 83,000 in 1987; the largest percentage was in humanities and social sciences (40 percent), followed by commerce (31 percent), science and technology (11 percent), and education (6 percent). Approximately 20 percent of the students enrolled in Tribhuvan University were females.
The 1981 census found 24 percent of the population to be literate; as of 1990, the literacy rate was estimated to be 33 percent. There still was a big gap between male and female literacy rates. About 35 percent of the male population was literate in 1981, but only 11.5 percent of the female population was. A gulf also existed in literacy rates between rural and urban areas. In rural areas, the literacy rates for males and females were 33 percent and 9 percent, respectively; in urban areas, they were significantly higher, 62 percent and 37 percent, respectively. The higher literacy rates in urban areas were largely attributed to the availability of more and better educational opportunities, a greater awareness of the need for education for employment and socioeconomic mobility, and the exodus of educated people from rural to urban areas. Nepal launched a twelve-year literacy program in 1990, targeting 8 million people between the ages of six and forty-five.
There was little doubt among observers that the historical monopoly of educational opportunity by members of the wealthier and higher caste groups gradually was diminishing. Schools and colleges were open to all, and enrollment figures were rising rapidly. The long-standing prejudice against the education of women seemed to be very slowly breaking down, as attested to by increasing enrollments of girls in schools and colleges. Yet two distinct biases–social class and geography–remained pronounced in educational attainment.
Despite general accessibility, education still nonetheless primarily served children of landlords, businessmen, government leaders, or other elite members of the society, for they were the only ones who could easily afford to continue beyond primary school. They also were far more able to afford, and likely to continue, education beyond the high school level. Many students in the general population dropped out before they took the School Leaving Certificate examination. There was an even more important ingredient for success after leaving school: if the quality of available higher education was considered inadequate or inferior, higher caste families could afford to send their children overseas to obtain necessary degrees. Foreign educational degrees, especially those obtained from American and West European institutions, carried greater prestige than degrees from Nepal. Higher caste families also had the necessary connections to receive government scholorships to study abroad.
Further, education remained largely urban-biased. The majority of education institutions, particularly better quality institutions, were found in urban areas. In rural areas where schools were set up, the quality of instruction was inferior, facilities were very poor, and educational materials were either difficult to find or virtually unavailable. Consequently, if rural families were serious about the education of their children, they were forced to send them to urban areas, a very expensive proposition that the vast majority of rural households could not afford.
Although there has been a remarkable numerical growth in the literacy rates, as well as the number of education institutions over the years, the quality of education has not necessarily improved. There were few top-notch teachers and professors, and their morale was low. At the higher educational level, the research focus or tradition was virtually absent, largely because there were few research facilities available for professors. There were some excellent private schools, mostly located in the Kathmandu Valley, but many appeared to be merely money-making ventures rather than serious, devoted educational enterprises. The large majority of schools and colleges were run by poorly prepared and poorly trained teachers and professors. Schools and colleges frequently were closed because of strikes. Students had little respect for teachers and professors and were concerned with obtaining a certificate rather than a quality education. Cheating was rampant during examinations at all levels.

Modern education in Nepal

Modern education in Nepal began with the establishment of the first school in 1853. However, this school was only for the members of the ruling families and their courtiers. Schooling for the general people began only after 1951 when a popular movement ended the autocratic Rana family regime and initiated a democratic system. In the past fifty years, there has been a dramatic expansion of educational facilities in the country. As a result, adult literacy (15+) of the country was reported to be 48.2% (female: 34.6%, male: 62.2%) in the Population Census, 2001, up from about 5% in 1952/54. Beginning from about 300 schools and two colleges with about ten thousand students in 1951, there now are 26 thousand schools (including higher secondary), 415 colleges, five universities and two academies of higher studies. Altogether 5.5 million students are enrolled in those schools and colleges who are served by more than 150 thousand teachers.
Despite such examples of success, there are problems and challenges. Educational management, quality, relevance, access are some of the critical issues of education in Nepal. Societal disparities based on gender, ethnicity, location, economic class, etc. are yet to be eliminated. Resource crunch has always been a problem in education. These problems have made the goal of education for all a challenge for the country.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Administration
• 2 Structure
• 3 Years in schools, colleges and universities
• 4 External links

[edit] Administration
The Ministry of Education is the apex body responsible for initiating and managing educational activities in the country. The Minister of Education, assisted by the State/Assistant Minister, provides political leadership to the Ministry. The Ministry, as a part of the government bureaucracy, is headed by the Secretary of Education and consists of the central office, various functional offices and offices located at the regional and district levels. The Central Office or the Ministry is mainly responsible for policy development, planning and monitoring and evaluation regarding different aspects of education.
With a purpose of bringing education administration nearer to the people, the Ministry has established five Regional Directorates and 75 District Education Offices in five development regions and 75 districts respectively. These decentralized offices are responsible for overseeing nonformal and school level educational activities in their respective areas. Regional Directorates are mainly responsible for coordinating and monitoring and evaluation of education activities and the District Education Offices are the main implementing agencies. NCED[citation needed]is an Apex body for teacher training in Nepal. There are 34 Educational Training Centers under NCED to support the teachers in pedagogical areas. ETC Sunsari, ETC Dhulikhel and ETC Tanahun/ Educational Training Center Damauli, are the leading training center under NCED. NCED was established in B. S. 2050 but it could not take speed much until Arjun Bahadur Bhandari was appointed as an Executive Director. Now it is running in full fledged and implementing "Teacher Education Project" to train the pre-service and in-service teahcers throughout the country.[unreliable source?]
[edit] Structure
Education in Nepal is structured as school education and higher education. School education includes primary level of grades 1-5, lower secondary and secondary levels of grades 6-8 and 9-10 respectively. Pre-primary level of education is also available in certain areas. Six years of age is the prescribed age for admission into grade one. A national level School Leaving Certificate (SLC) Examination is conducted at the end of grade ten. Grades 11 and 12 are considered as higher secondary level. Higher Secondary Education Board (HSEB) supervises higher secondary schools which are mostly under private management. Previously these grades were under the university system and were run as proficiency certificate level. Though some universities still offer these programs, the policy now is to integrate these grades into the school system.
Higher education consists of bachelor, masters and PhD levels. Depending upon the stream and subject, bachelors level may be of three to five years' duration. The duration of masters level is generally of two years. Some universities also offer programs like M Phil and post-graduate diploma.
Legally, there are two types of school in the country: community and institutional. Community schools receive regular government grant whereas institutional schools are funded by school's own or other non-governmental sources. Institutional schools are organized either as a non-profit trust or as a company. However, in practical terms, schools are mainly of two types: public (community) and private (institutional). A third type of school is the schools run by the local people enthusiastic towards having a school in their localities. They do not receive regular government grants and most of them do not have any other sustainable financial source. Supported and managed by the local people, they can be thus identified as the real community schools.
Except one, all universities/academies are publicly managed and are supported by public source fund. However, public universities also provide affiliation to private colleges. Two academies of higher education are single college institutes whereas other universities have constituent and affiliated colleges across the country.
[edit] Years in schools, colleges and universities
1. Nursery 2. Lower Kindergarten (LKG) 3. Upper Kindergarten (UKG) 4. First Grade 5. Second Grade 6. Third Grade 7. Fourth Grade 8. Fifth Grade 9. Sixth Grade 10. Seventh Grade 11. Eighth Grade 12. Ninth Grade 13. Tenth Grade 14. SLC (School Leaving Certificate) (not a class but a test) (1 year) 15. 10+2 (I.A) (two years) 16. Bachelors (three or four years) 17. Masters (two years) 18. Ph.D. (two years)

Every woman

Every woman, man, youth and child has the human right to education, training and information, and to other fundamental human rights dependent upon realization of the human right to education. The human right of all persons to education is explicitly set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenants, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other widely adhered to international human rights treaties and Declarations – powerful tools that must be put to use in realizing the human right to education for all. The human right to education entitles every woman, man, youth and child to:
The human right to free and compulsory elementary education and to readily available forms of secondary and higher education.
• The human right to freedom from discrimination in all areas and levels of education, and to equal access to continuing education and vocational training.
• The human right to information about health, nutrition, reproduction and family planning.
The human right to education is inextricably linked to other fundamental human rights – rights that are universal, indivisible, interconnected and interdependent including:
• The human right to equality between men and women and to equal partnership in the family and society.
• The human right to work and receive wages that contribute to an adequate standard of living.
• The human right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief.
• The human right to an adequate standard of living.
• The human right to participate in shaping decisions and policies affecting ones community, at the local, national and international levels.
Governments’ Obligations
There are some important international human rights instruments which guarantee everyone the human right to education. They include excerpts from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the Convention against Discrimination in Education.
“Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit…. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among … racial or religious groups….”
–Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 26
“The States Parties … recognize the right of everyone to education…. Education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among … racial, ethnic or religious groups…. Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all… Secondary education … including technical and vocational secondary education, shall be made generally available and accessible to all…. Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all….”
–International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 13
“States Parties shall … eliminate discrimination against women in order to ensure to them equal rights with men in the field of education … to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women … the same conditions for career and vocational guidance, for access to studies … in educational establishments of all categories…; this equality shall be ensured in preschool, general, technical, professional and higher technical education, as well as in all types of vocational training. Access to the same curricula, … teaching staff…; The elimination of any stereotyped concept of the roles of man and women at all levels and in all forms of education…; the same opportunities to benefit from scholarships…; The same opportunities for access to programmes of continuing education, including adult and functional literacy programmes…. Access to specific educational information to help to ensure the health and well-being of families, including information and advice on family planning…. States Parties shall … eliminate discrimination against women in rural areas … and … ensure to such women the right … to obtain all types of training and education, formal and non-formal, including that relating to functional literacy….”
–Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Articles 10 and 14
“States Parties undertake to prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination … and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law … in the enjoyment of … the right to education and training….”
–Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Article 5
“States Parties recognize the right of the child to education, and … shall … make primary education compulsory and available free to all; … make [secondary education] available and accessible to every child…; make higher education accessible to all…; make educational and vocational information and guidance available and accessible to all children…; take measures to encourage regular attendance at schools and the reduction of drop-out rates…. States Parties agree that the education of the child shall be directed to: … the development of the child=s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential; the development of respect for human rights…; the development of respect for the child’s parents, his or her own cultural identity, language and values….”
–Convention on the Rights of the Child, Articles 28 and 29
“The States Parties … undertake … to … discontinue any … practices which involve discrimination in education….; to formulate, develop and apply a national policy which … will …… promote equality of opportunity and of treatment in … education and in particular:…To make primary education free and compulsory; make secondary education in its different forms available and accessible to all; make higher education equally accessible to all on the basis of individual capacity; assure compliance by all with the obligation to attend school prescribed by law…; To encourage and intensify … the education of persons who have not received any primary education or who have not completed the entire primary education…. It is essential to recognize the right of members of national minorities to carry on their own educational activities, including the maintenance of schools and … the use or the teaching of their own language….”
–Convention against Discrimination in Education, Articles 3, 4, and 5
Government Commitments
Many Governments around the world including our own have made commitments to ensuring the realization of the human right to education for all. These commitments include commitments made at the Earth Summit in Rio, the World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen, the World Conference on Women in Beijing, and the Habitat II conference in Istanbul, and excerpts from the World Declaration on Education for All, and the Amman Affirmation.
“Education … should be recognized as a process by which human beings and societies can reach their fullest potential. Education is critical for promoting sustainable development and improving the capacity of the people to address environment and development issues…. Governments should take active steps to … eliminate illiteracy … and to expand the enrolment of women … in educational institutions, to promote the goal of universal access to primary and secondary education….”
–Agenda 21, Chapter 36, para. 3; Chapter 3, para. 2; Chapter 24, para. 3
“We commit ourselves to … the goals of universal and equitable access to quality education … making particular efforts to rectify inequalities relating to social conditions and without distinction as to race, national origin, gender, age or disability…. We will: Formulate and strengthen … strategies for the eradication of illiteracy and universalization of … early childhood education, primary education and education for the illiterate…; Emphasize lifelong learning by seeking to improve the quality of education to ensure that people of all ages are provided with useful knowledge, reasoning ability, skills, and the ethical and social values required to develop their full capacities in health and dignity and to participate fully in the social, economic and political process of development….”
–Copenhagen Declaration, Commitment 6
“Education is a human right and an essential tool for achieving the goals of equality, development and peace…. Actions to be taken: … Advance the goal of equal access to education by taking measures to eliminate discrimination in education at all levels on the basis of gender, race, language, religion, national origin, age or disability, or any other form of discrimination …. By the year 2000, provide universal access to basic education and ensure completion of primary education by at least 80 per cent of primary school-age children; close the gender gap in primary and secondary school education by the year 2005; provide universal primary education in all countries before the year 2015…. Reduce the female illiteracy rate to at least half its 1990 level…. [Ensure] that women have equal access to career development, training…. Improve … quality of education and … equal … access … to ensure that women of all ages can acquire the knowledge, capacities, … skills … needed to develop and to participate fully … in the process of … development….”
–Beijing Platform for Action, paras. 69, 80, 81, and 82
“We … commit ourselves to promoting and attaining the goals of universal and equal access to quality education,… making particular efforts to rectify inequalities relating to social and economic conditions … without distinction as to race, national origin, gender, age, or disability, respecting and promoting our common and particular cultures. Quality education for all [is] fundamental to ensuring that people of all ages are able to develop their full capacities … and to participate fully in the social, economic and political processes of human settlements…. We … commit ourselves to … Promoting … appropriate facilities for … education, combating segregation and discriminatory and other exclusionary policies and practices, and recognizing and respecting the rights of all, especially of women, children, persons with disabilities, people living in poverty and those belonging to vulnerable and disadvantaged groups….”
–Habitat Agenda, paras. 2.36 and 3.43
“… Education is a fundamental right for all people, women and men, of all ages, throughout the world…. Every person — child, youth and adult — shall be able to benefit from educational opportunities designed to meet their basic learning needs…. to be able to survive, to develop their full capacities, to live and work in dignity…. to improve the quality of their lives, to make informed decisions….”
– World Declaration on Education for All, Preamble and Article 1
“Education is empowerment. It is the key to establishing and reinforcing democracy, to development which is both sustainable and humane and to peace founded upon mutual respect and social justice. Indeed, in a world in which creativity and knowledge play an ever greater role, the right to education is nothing less than the right to participate in the life of the modern world.”
– Amman Affirmation, 1996
Categories : Right to Education Tags: Discrimination Against Women, Discrimination in Education, Governments' Obligations, Human Rights, Racial Discrimination, Right to Education, Rio

Situation of Education in Nepal

Education is an important means of improving social status, bringing down gender barriers and breaking out of the vicious cycle of poverty by offering prospects of gainful employment. Education also provides an alternative to premature work. In 2005, the literacy rate was estimated at 47 percent of the adult population in Nepal, with a large gap between male and female literacy rates. Only 30 percent of the female population was literate compared to 65 percent of the males. Primary school begins at the age of 6 and lasts until age 10. Secondary education that follows lasts until the age of 15.
Secondary school enrollment included only 45 percent (50 percent of the boys of that age group and 39 percent of the girls) in 2002-2003. Formal schooling in Nepal is constrained by economic and cultural factors such as a bias against educating girls and a need for children to work at home or in the fields.
Urban areas have higher literacy rates than rural areas.
Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) is 3.4 percent (2002-2003).
Number of years of compulsory schooling is 5 years.
Number of students per teacher in primary schools is 36 students per teacher.
The present student teacher ratio is 1:50, 1:45, and 1:40 in the Terai/valley, hills, and mountain districts respectively.
Only 2% of dalits and only 10% of disabled are literate.
The on-going armed conflict in the country instigated in Feb 1996 had made a great impact on education in the country. This year (January- September 2006) it has been reported that around 3840 schools were affected by armed conflict. It was recorded that 3735 schools were closed from time to time. Bunkers were built in at least 56 schools and some of the schools that were closed remained permanently closed.
Likewise, 32 schools were affected by bomb explosions and at least 8 schools were destroyed by setting fire and 3 schools were affected in crossfire between conflicting parties. Around 8 Schools were used by security forces and 3 schools were affected by CPN-Maoists training program in school with arms.
Similarly, 1531 teachers were directly affected by armed conflict, among which 7 male teachers lost their lives.

भ्यालेन्टाईन-भ्यालेन्टाईन भनेर यौवन र मायाप्रेमका पछिमात्रै लाग्ने हैन

भनिन्छ, जिवन एउटा उत्सव हो । हामीले जन्मदा एउटा संस्कार लिएर जन्मन्छौं, हुर्कदा त्यसमा केही परिवर्तन र परिमार्जन हुन्छ, यस संगसंगै हामी जति चेतनशील वन्दै जान्छौं त्यतिनै हाम्रो संस्कारपनि परिष्कृत हुंदै जान्छ । सामान्य दुःखमा पनि हामी संवेदनशील वन्छौं, आंशु झार्न पछि पर्दैनौं । त्यसैगरि अलिकति खुसी लागेमात्रै पनि हांसिदिन्छौं र उत्सव मनाउंछौं । यो संस्कार हामीमा जन्मजात पैदा भएको हुन्छ । तर त्यो उत्सव मनाउने र प्रयोग गर्ने तरिका तथा त्यस सम्वन्धि वुझाई भने व्यक्ति वा समय अनुसार फरक फरक हुन्छ, निरन्तर परिवर्तन भईरहन्छ । एकको उत्सव अर्कोलाई दुःखद हुन सक्छ र एउटाको दुःख अर्काको उत्सवपनि वन्दछ । हामी कुनै विजयमा उत्सव मनाउंछौं तर त्यो विजयको साथमा कसैको हार लुकेको हुन्छ त्यसमा हार्नेको संवेदनशीलता रोएको हुन्छ, उ चुपचाप रहन्छ, उसलाई साथ दिने कोही रहंदैन तर, त्यति नै वेला जित्नेको संवेदनशीलता हांसेको हुन्छ, उत्सव मनाउंछ साथ दिनेहरु धेरै भेटिन्छन् । फरक यत्ति हो उत्सव मनाउनु र नमनाउनुमा अनि जित्नु र हार्नुमा ।
कतिपय अवस्थामा हामीले मनाएका उत्सवहरुले हामी, हाम्रो जिवनशैली र ऐतिहासीकतासंग कतिसम्म तादात्म्यता राख्छ भन्ने कुरा हामीले ख्याल गरेको पाइंदैन । जसको विजय या पराजयले हामी र हाम्रो जिवनसंग कुनैपनि साईनोसम्म राख्दैन तर हामी त्यसैलाई प्रमुखता दिईरहेका हुन्छौं, र जसलाइ सम्मान र महत्व दिनुपर्ने हो त्यसलाइ भुलिरहेका हुन्छौं । यस्ता परम्पराहरु कतिपय हाम्रा चाडवाड वनेर आउंछन् त कतिपय संस्कार या उत्सव वनेर । दैनिक कामकाज र मानसिक तनाववाट केहीक्षण भएपनि मुक्ती पाउन तथा जिवनको आनन्दमय क्षण भोग्न यस्तै उत्सवहरु हाम्रा साथी वनिरहेका हुन्छन्, त्यसैले त हामीपनि यस्ता उत्सवहरु खोजी खोजी मनाउने गर्छौं । यस्तै उत्सवहरुको लाममा Valentine day पनि पर्दछ ।
आज अर्थात् फेव्रुअरि १४ को दिनलाई विश्वभर “प्रणय दिवस” अथवा Valentine day भनेर धुमधामका साथ मनाउने गरिन्छ । पछिल्ला वर्षहरुमा यस दिवसप्रति नेपाली युवावर्गको लगाव र झुकावपनि तिव्र गतिमा फस्टाउंदै गईरहेको छ । हामी हरेक कुराको अनुसरण गछौं तर त्यसको गहिराई र भावपक्षतर्फ भने सामान्य चिन्तनसम्म पनि गर्दैनौं । हामी वस्तुलाई त्यसको सारमा नभई सतहमा मात्रै वुझ्छौं, गहनतामा नगई हचुवा पाराले वुझ्छौं । त्यसैले त विश्वव्यापीकरणको नाममा तिव्र गतिमा फैलंदै गरेको पश्चिमा हावाले विश्वभर ठुलै हलचल ल्याएको वेला जवानीको चौतारिमा रमाउने निहुंमा युवा जगतमाझ यसले फस्टाउने मलिलो अवसर पाईरहेको छ । फेरि मायाप्रेमका कुरा गर्नेवेला के, किन, कहिले, कसरि, जस्ता प्रश्न गरेर रमाईलो समय खेर फाल्ने समयपनि कोसंग हुन्छ र ? शायद यसैकारण होला यो दिवसलाई भ्यालेनटाइनकै नाममा किन मनाउंदै छौं भन्ने कुरामा कतिपय युवाहरुलाई कुनै पत्तो र चासोसम्म पनि छैन । जसले कालान्तरमा परिणाम राम्रो दिन सक्दैन, केवल विकृतिमात्रै भित्रिन्छ ।
त्यतिवेलाको कठोर पुरातन सामाजीक मान्यताका विरुद्ध आफ्नो प्रेमका लागी सन्त भ्यालेन्टाइनले एउटा अदम्य साहस र क्रान्तिकारिता प्रदर्शन गरे त्यो आफ्नो ठाउंमा प्रशंषनीय नै छ । पुराना जडसूत्रवादी मान्यता र परम्पराहरुलाई तोडेर नयां सामाजीक परिपाटी वसाल्न तथा मानवीय मुल्यमान्यता र अधिकार प्राप्तिका लागी प्राणको आहुति दिन समेत पछि नपर्ने सवै व्यक्तित्वहरु क्रान्तिकारि हुन् । यस अर्थमा भ्यालेन्टाईनलाईपनि एक क्रान्तिकारि योद्धा थिए भन्न सकिन्छ । उनले आफ्नो विचार त्यागेर पुरातन सामाजीक प्रणालीसंग आत्मसमर्पण गर्नुभन्दा हांसी हांसी प्राणाहुती दिने साहस र तत्परता देखाए । त्यसैले त उनि अहिलेसम्म विश्व ईतिहासमा एक अमर हस्ति वनेर एकछत्र राज गरिरहेका छन् । हुनत, यस्ता अनुकरणीय प्रेमकथाहरु हामीकहां पश्चिमाहरुसंग भन्दा धेरै छन् । तर ति सवै ईतिहासका गर्भमै लुप्त भईगए । यसको कारण हामी आफैं हौं, जो आफ्नोपनलाई लत्याएर सदैव अरुहरुकै नक्कल गरिरहेका छौं । नत्र किन हामीमध्ये कसैले कहिल्यै “मुनामदन दिवस” या “लालहिरा दिवस”को परिकल्पना गर्न सकेनौं त ? हाम्रा माझ किन रोमियो जुलियट र भ्यालेन्टाईन नै लोकप्रीय भए त ? यसरि हामी आफ्नोपनलाई भुलेर संधै अर्काको प्रतिलिपी वन्नुभन्दा हाम्रै वरपरका ऐतिहासीकताहरुलाई ख्याल गर्नेवारे सोच्न नसक्दा हाम्रो आफ्नोपन नै विरानो वन्दै गईरहेको छ ।
हामी वुद्धजयन्ति मनाउंदछौं, तर यसलाई “शान्तिदिवस” या प्रेम र सद्भाव दिवसका रुपमा मनाउन सक्दैनौं अझ विस्तारै विस्तारै अव वुद्धलाईपनि भारतीयकरण गरिंदैछ, हामीलाई यसप्रति कुनै चासो छैन तर प्रणयदिवस भनेर भ्यालेन्टाइनको पिछलग्गु वन्न सदैव हतारमै रहन्छौं । नेपालका प्रथम शहीद लखन थापाको स्मृति दिवस संयोगवश यतिवेलै पर्दोरहेछ । तर किन उनको कसैले वास्ता गर्दैन ? यस दिनलाइ “लखन दिवस” भनेर आपसी प्रेम र सद्भाव आदानप्रदान गर्ने दिवसको रुपमा मनाउन हामीलाई के ले रोकेको छ ? वास्तवमा हाम्रो राष्ट्रिय तथा सामाजीक जिवनकालागी भ्यालेन्टाईन र लखन थापामा को वढी महत्वपुर्ण ठहरिन्छन् भन्नेतर्फ हामी किन सोच्न सक्दैनौं ? यहां हामीले हाम्रो सामाजीक-आर्थिक संवन्ध अनुकुलको उपयुक्त विचार र त्यससंगको तालमेल कसरी मिलाउने भन्नेवारे सुक्ष्म रुपमा वुझ्नु जरुरि छ, जुन पक्ष हामीले भुलीरहेका छौं । हाम्रा अमर शहीदहरुको संझनामा यस्ता दिवसहरु वनाउन हामी आफै असक्षम सावित हुंदै गईरहेका छौं, त्यसैले त राष्ट्रले अग्रगति हासिल गर्न सकेको छैन । लखन थापा जस्तै धर्मभक्त, दशरथचन्द, गंगालाल, शुक्रराज जस्ता नेपाली ईतिहासका महान् शहीदहरु विस्तारै भुलिंदै गईरहेका छन् र तिनको स्थान लिंदैछन् भ्यालेन्टाईनहरुले । के यो भन्दा लज्जास्पद कुरो अरु कुनै हुन सक्छ ?
पश्चिमाहरुले वडो तामझामका साथ प्रेम दिवस मनाउंदै गरेका वेला विश्व हल्लाउन सफल महान् नेपाली क्रान्तिकोपनि वर्षगांठ पर्दोरहेछ, शहीद सप्ताह पर्दोरहेछ । तर यस्ता दिवसहरु हामीलाई मन पर्दैनन् यसप्रति हामीलाई कुनै चासो रहंदैन । हामी त्यसैलाई उत्सवको रुपमा मनाउन किन सक्दैनौं ? के यसको महत्व र यसले हासील गरेको उपलव्धिलाइ हामीमध्ये कसैले नजरअन्दाज गर्न मिल्छ ? हरेक कुरामा यो दलको र त्यो दलको अनि यो जातको र त्यो जातको भनेर आ-आफैमा विभाजीत हुनुमा नै हाम्रो उर्जाशील वौद्धिकता खर्च भईरहेको छ । राजनैतिक दलका नेताहरुलाई धारेहात लगाएर गाली गर्न पाए हामी सवै खुसी हुन्छौं तर हामी आफैले आत्मअनुशाषनको पालना गर्दैनौं, यो कस्तो विडम्वना हो ? आफ्नो प्रेमीकासंग विहे गर्न नपाउंदा प्राण त्याग गर्न तयार हुने कुनै अन्जान व्यक्तिको यादमा हामी यत्रो उत्सव मनाउंदै छौं तर, सिंगो राष्ट्र र जनतालाइ मुक्ती दिलाउन आफ्नो प्राणको वाजी लगाएर लड्ने विर सपुतहरुको स्मृतिमा एउटा दिवस मनाउन हिच्किचाउंछौं । के नजिकको तिर्थ हेला भनेझैं भएको हो यो विषय ?
यतिखेर हामी ईतिहासकै अत्यन्त संवेदनशील मोडवाट गुज्रिरहेका छौं । चारैतिरवाट राष्ट्रियता खतरामा परेको अनुभुत भईरहेको छ । तर हामी किन यतिसाह्रो मौन वनेका छौं ? के हामीलाई आफ्नो मातृभुमीप्रति प्रेम र चासो नभएकै हो त ? यदि होईन र हामीमा अलिकतिमात्रै पनि नेपाली हुनुको अपनत्व वांकी छ भने अव राष्ट्र र राष्ट्रियताको संवद्धनमा एकजुट वन्नैपर्छ । खोक्रो राष्ट्रवादका नाराले मात्रै हुंदैन, सच्चा र व्यवहारिक राष्ट्रवाद लागू गर्न सक्नुपर्दछ । शहीदका सपना र जनताका आशा भरोसामा टेकेर गद्दारि गर्नेहरुलाई पाता फर्काउने भनेर मञ्चमा उभिएर भाषण ठोकेर या पत्रपत्रीकामा लेखेर मात्रै हुंदैन, राष्ट्र र जनताका लागी केही गरेरै देखाउनुपर्दछ । भनिन्छ, ष्पष्ट विचार र दृढ संकल्प छ भने त्यसको कहिल्यै हार हुंदैन, सदैव जित सुरक्षीत हुन्छ । तसर्थ हामी खाली भ्यालेन्टाईन-भ्यालेन्टाईन भनेर यौवन र मायाप्रेमका पछिमात्रै लाग्ने हैन, राष्ट्रप्रेमलाईपनि व्यवहारमा लागू गरौं । यस दिवसलाई कोरा मायाप्रितीमा होईन, शहीद र मातृभुमीप्रतिको प्रेममा समर्पित गरौं । नेपालै नरहे नेपाली हामी रहौंला र कहां ???

Kathmandu is the capital of the kingdom of Nepal

Kathmandu is the capital of the kingdom of Nepal, situated in a valley which is an open air museum of famous sites, ancient temples and shrines, golden pagodas and are inspiring deities, is a city of inexhaustible historic artistic and cultural interest. Several beautiful and interesting villages and towns surrounding the valley offer ideal destinations for mini treks. The dazzling Himalayan peaks are visible from several points on the mountains around the valley. Kathmandu is famous and unique in the world in the field of arts, crafts and architecture. The splendid temples, monasteries and historical monuments of Kathmandu are highly appreciated by visitors to Kathmandu. Kathmandu is regarded as "a Living Cultural Museum" of Nepal.
RELIGIOUS SITES IN KATHMANDU

(1) Kathmandu Durbar Square (Attraction type: Town center/square/plaza/Religious site)
The best place to begin your sightseeing of Kathmandu valley is the Kathmandu Durbar. An entrance fee of Rs. 200 for foreign nationals and Rs. 25 for the SAARC countries is to be paid to get into Durbar Square. A very old Hindu text has described Kathmandu as the land of gods surrounded by beautiful mountains around. Some two hundred years ago a western Visitor wrote that there were as many temples as there were houses and many idols as there were people. In fact Kathmandu boasts one of the largest congregations of magnificent historical monuments and shrines ever built. Duly recognized as a world Heritage Site by UNESCO- this particular area best known as Kathmandu Durbar Square lies in the heart of this city. The Newars are regarded as the original inhabitants of this majestic valley, but their origins are shrouded in mystery. They speak Newari language and their physical features range from distinctively Mongoloid. Kathmandu Valley has long been a cultural and racial melting pot with people coming from both east and west. This fusion has resulted in the unique Newari culture that is responsible for the valley's superb art and architecture. Locally also called as Hanuman Dhoka Palace Square-an ancient seat of the Nepalese Royalty. Some of the important monuments to be seen here are: Hanuman Dhoka (Attraction type: Town center/square/plaza/Architectural building) – Palace Complex consists of a huge Royal Square imposing a tremendous variety of temples dedicated to different Hindu gods and goddess. Most of the buildings we see here date from 15th to 18th century. The entire Palace Complex here is named after a monkey god called Hanuman. One can see a huge stone statue of Hanuman painted all red right next to the main entrance ( the golden gate) of the palace. Hanuman here is regarded as a powerful protector of the entire Durbar Square. Kneeling in his usual posture on a pedestal, Hanuman is a hero from the Hindu epic Ramayana, who endows military success to his devotees - the reason why he has been placed there. The gate is guarded by two stone lions that are mounted by the god Shiva and his consort, Parvati. Immediately inside is the biggest of the Hanuman Dhoka Palace's chowks (courtyards), Nasal Chowk. This is where the king's coronation takes place and where various other festivities are held. Here we also find the entrance to the Tribhuvan Museum largely dedicated to the memory of the late king Tribhuvan. The Panch Mukhi Hanuman Temple, with its five circular roofs, whose entrance is limited only to priests, lies at the north-eastern corner of the Nasal chowk.

Basantapur Tower (Attraction type: Lookout) – There are four towers in the palace. Of these, Basantapur Tower, built by King Prithvi Narayan Shah around the Lohan Chowk, is the tallest. Mook Chowk is the courtyard dedicated to the goddess, Taleju Bhawani, and is used only for religious functions of the palace. Taleju temple, tallest of all structures built by king Mahendra Malla in 1549 A.D.

Kumari Ghar (Attraction type: Religious site) – 17th century Kumari temple, an example of the highly developed Nepalese temple craft. It the house of the Royal Kumari acknowledged to be a Living Goddess. The building has profusely carved wooden balconies and window screens. Two painted stone lions stand guard at the entrance. Visitors may enter the courtyard to see Kumari, but are forbidden to take photographs.

Trailokya Mohan Narayan Temple (Attraction type: Religious site) – The Trailokya Mohan Temple was built in 1680 by Prithvibendra Malla. It is on the immediate left as one walks out of the Kumari Bahal. It is built on a panoply of five plinths that narrow down at each upper level and above the shrine is a three-tiered roof. On the back you see a beautiful Garuda.

Maju Deval (Attraction type: Religious site) – This Temple is dedicated to Shiva and inside you will find a famous Lingam. The temple is set atop nine levels of plinth. The steps of this temple is a favourite place to sit and watch the daily life.. Both locals and tourists can be found reposing against the many levels of platforms watching the bustle of the crowd below or even enjoying a siesta.

Gadhi Baithak – stands out very conspicuously, or rather, incongruously in the same square with its neoclassical European architecture. Built in the early years of the 20th century during the Rana period, its balcony overlooking the square is from where the king witness the pageantry of the Indra Jatra festival.

Bhagwati Temple (Attraction type: Religious site) – is the three-storied building next to the Gaddi Baithak. Built by King Jagat Jaya Malla in 1670 and originally dedicated to Lord Narayan.

Shiva Parvati Temple House (Attraction type: Religious site) – lies on the left as one walks into the Durbar Square from Kumari Bahal. The celestial couple carved in wood look down into the street from the central window on the upper floor. They are overlooking the place, have a look where Shiva is holding his left hand! Again this Temple has fantastic carved windows and two lions guarding the entrance.

The Big Bell (Attraction type: Lookout) – was erected by the son of Prithvi Narayan Shah, Rana Bahadur in 1797. The ringing of bell is said to drive away evil spirits, and is rung on occasion when ceremonies are held at Degu Taleju Temple.

Vishnu Temple (Attraction type: Religious site) – lies next to the Big Bell and after it comes the Saraswati Temple. Both were severely damaged in the Great Earthquare of 1934. Krishna Mandir is the next monument and was built in 1648 by King Pratap Malla in imitation of its more famous namesake in Patan. It has an octagonal-shaped construction with a three-tiered roof.

Pratap Dhvaja – King Pratap Malla's statue called Prataf Dhvaja lies mounted on the high pillar on the outer courtyard. He sits with hands folded and surrounded by is two wives and five children facing the entrance of Hanuman Dhoka.

Seto Bhairab's huge glided face lies hidden behind a latticed wooden screen. The screen is only opened for ten days once every year during the festival of Indra Jatra when devotees flock around the shower this image with rice and confetti of flower petals.

Jagannath temple (Attraction type: Religious site) – in the central part of the Durbar Square, exhibits a variety of erotic carvings on the struts supporting its canopies. Built in the 16th century, known for fascinating erotic figures carving the wooden struts eaves. Next to it lies Gopinath Mandir, a temple honoring Lord Krishna.

Kal Bhairav (Attraction type: Religious site) – is one of the largest stone idol in Kathmandu representing the terrifying aspects of Shiva. Kal Bhairav is a massive relief in stone of a fierce-looking deity, painted in black and garlanded with skulls around neck, and bright red and yellow ornaments. Indrapur Temple lies immediately east of the Kal Bhairav and adjoining it is the Vishnu Temple. North of it is the Kakeshwar Temple built in 1681. Stone inscriptins in 15 languages, including English and French, can been seen outside the wall of the Hanuman Dhoka opposite the Vishnu Temple.

Kotilingeshwar Mahadev Temple (Attraction type: Religious site) – is a Shiva Temple built in the 1500s in the era of King Mahendra Malla. Set atop three levels of plinth, it is a square structure with a domed roof. Mahavishnu Temple stands on a set of four levels of plinth and has a two-tiered roof. Mahendrashwar Temple is another temple dedicated to Shiva. It has two levels of plinth and it topped by a golden umbrella.

The Ganesh shrine Ashok Binayak (Attraction type: Religious site) – One of my favourites places on Durbar Square is the little Ganesh temple on the corner of the Kasthamandap. From the early morning an, devotees are coming to give some offerings to Ganesh, asking luck for a travel or a business. After giving a little offering to the god, they receive a little spot of red colour on their head, the Hindu Thikka. This magic place is absolutely worth to be visited very early in the morning.

Kasthamandap (Attraction type: Religious site) – The name means house of wood. The Kathmandu City derives its name from Kasthamandap. This Temple is supposed to be on of the oldest remaining houses of Kathmandu. This unique wooden temple is also known as Maru Satal. It was built in 1596 A.D. by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. They say the timber used for its relevant construction was sawed out f a single tree.

Taleju Temple (Attraction type: Religious site) – The grandest among all the temple in Kathmandu Durbar Square is Taleju Temple. Standing on a level of twelve plinth at a height exceeding 35 meters, this temple dominates the landscapes around Durbar Square. Built in 1564 by King Mahendra Malla. It is only opened to the public during the festival of Dashain.

Nautale Durbar – Besides this other fascinating part of this palace complex is the towering Nautale Durbar overlooking the beautiful cityscape and the vast Basantapur square where Prithivi Narayan Shah built mansion to commemorate his victory in 1768 A.D. This building complex is known for the most intricately carved wooden doorways roof struts and massive lattice windows full of mythical figures.

(2) Swoyambhu Nath Stupa (Attraction type: Religious site)
Svayambhunath is a hilltop temple complex situated on the northwestern boundary of Kathmandu, with panoramic views of the valley and city. Its main feature is a Buddhist stupa, the Maha Chaitya, reputed to be more than 2,000 years old. Located in a lovely little hill rock Swoyambhu Nath Stupa is one of the most fascinating architectural jewels of the world. This great Stoup is said to have been built around 250 B.C. It is indeed listed a World Heritage for Site to prove that it serves as the nerve center of faithful worship for all the devout philosophy of Bajrayan in particular and honors Lord Adi Buddha. Generally a holy memorial site Stoup represents a typical Buddhist architecture. Its main feature the white dome is identified with a spotless pure jewel of Nirvana and a thirteen tiered golden spire in conical shape surmounted on the dome. Underneath this towering structure are a pair of all seeing eyes of Buddha painted on all four sides of the Stupa. The Stupa of Swoyambhunath stands on a typically stylized lotus mandala base-a long time ago believed to have originated from a legendary lake of Kathmandu Valley. As the ancient legend goes Kathmandu Valley was a lake a long time ago. Right in the centre of this lake was a full blown lotus with the divine light a top. When Maha Manjushri a saint from China heard about this he came rushing all the way from China to the Valley. He cut through the southern wall hill of the valley with his divine sword. The cleft made by the sword immediately drained the entire lake water making the valley floor open for a close up view of the divine lotus light. This holy site in fact is the massive stupa complex ever built in Nepal. Hundreds of votive shrines and other historical monuments built in and around this stupa speak a lot about the significance and antiquity of this famed stupa. It lies about 3k.m. west of down town Kathmandu. There are two different ways to reach for this site. One is from the west side which is relatively a short cut and another is from the east side where it leads to the main entrance with 360 steps leading all the way to the top, where the most venerated Swayambhu Stupa stands-commanding a magnificent view of Kathmandu Valley and the breathtaking panorama of the north eastern Himalayan range. Other important things to be seen here include a magnificent two tiered golden temple dedicated to Harati. She is the grand mother deity of children and small pox who was said to be the Ogress until Lord Buddha converted her to be the great caretaker of the children. Not to far from this temple is Dewa Dharma monastery-noted for a bronze icon of Buddha and traditional Tibetan paintings . The huge gold plated vajra ' tha priestly symbol of Vajrayana Buddhism set on the Dharmadhatu mandala at the side of the stupa is worth a close look. Important days to visit this holy site: Buddha Purnima, Gunla, Kojagrath Purni and Samyak day. The entry fee for foreign nationals is Rs. 50 per person.

(3) Pasupatinath Temple (Attraction type: Religious site)
Pasupatinath is considered one of the holiest shrines of all the Hindu temples. It is pagoda style Hindu temple with gilt roofing and richly carved silver doors dedicated to Lord Shiva The temple has remained the presiding deity of ruling Nepalese Royalty. Located on the banks of the Bagmati river, this two tiered magnificent golden temple with four triple silver doorways is unique example of the Nepalese temple architecture. It is one of the largest Hindu temple complex in South Asia with hundreds of Shiva lingams, shrines icons of various Hindu god and goddess insides. This temple site occupies an area of 281 hectares in total. The main entrance of this temple is in the western side facing a small street of Deopatan market. As non Hindus are not allowed to enter this temple courtyard. They are advised to go on the other side of the river in the East to have a glimpse of the temple complex. In the middle of the spring (Feb.-March) every year there occurs a festival called Shivaratri. The world Shivaratri means the holy night of Lord Shiva. On this day many devotees visit the Pashupati Nath temple and make the ceremonial fire. Most of the devotees spend the night offering prayers to Shiva. This festival attracts tens of thousand of pilgrims from India besides the locals. Historically pre-Christian era this temple seems to have its origin away back to the early Kirat period. Stone sculptures found in the vicinity support the antiquity of this place. This holy site is 6 km. east oil down town Kathmandu. Regular bus and taxi services are easily available from a city points. Temple is the nerve center of pilgrimage on the festival of Shivaratri and Teej. The entry fee for foreign nationals is Rs. 50 per person.

(4) Guheshwori Temple (Attraction type: Religious site)
Guheshwori Temple lies 500 meters east of Pashupatinath across the Bagmati River. This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva's wife., Parbati. On a forested knoll, further behind Pashupati Temple to the eastern direction and also by the side of the bending or winding Bagmati River appears the gracious temple of Guheshwori sometimes known as Nairatma Yogini or Aksah Yogini. It is another famous spot of Hindu pilgrimage. In this case, also, only Hindus are authorized to enter the premises.

(5) Boudhanath Stupa (Attraction type: Religious site)
Boudhanath is a colossal stupa north east of Pashupatinath and lies a further 2 km by road. One of the oldest and the biggest Buddhist monuments ever built in Nepal, Boudhanath is an imposing structure standing some 36 meters. This is declared to stand as the largest Buddhist shrine of South Asia. The Stupa stands on the massive three level mandala style Platforms surrounded by colourful private family houses. The basic feature of this great stupa is very much like that of Swoyambhunath stupa except its finial displaying. It is much bigger than Swoyambhu stupa and lies on the valley floor whereas the former one stands on the hill top. This stupa is said to have been built in 5th century A. D. The site is considered very much like Mecca for the Tibetan Buddhists and every year tens of thousands of pilgrims from all over the Himalayan region visit the stupa. Some of the gompas surrounding Boudha are Sakyapa Gompa, Chinya-Lama Gompa, Nyingmapa Gompa, Kargyupa Gompa, Gelugpa Gompa etc. According to a very popular legend long time ago the kingdom of Kathmandu was under terrifying draught. King Dharma Deva was very worried. An astrologer advised him that only the sacrifice of an ideal man with 32 virtues in front of the dry royal water spout could make the rain fall in the country. And in the following night he commanded his son to go to the dry water spout inside the royal palace compound at mid night and behead the person shrouded in white robe without looking at him. The Prince obeyed his father but to his great horror only to find it was none other than his own father. In order to atone the big sin and in removal the prince said to have built this great stupa. As an entry point of ancient Nepal-Tibet trade rout, the site is popularly frequented by Tibetan visitors. During Lhosar festival the pilgrims worship the Buddhist deities, light the increase and butter lamp day and night. Every twelve year a special ceremony is observed with great gusto and fervor . During that time they dance, play musical instruments, chant and hymns. The entry fee for foreign nationals is Rs. 50 per person.

(6) Changu Narayan (Attraction type: Religious site)
Changu Narayan, with an ancient Hindu temple complex inside an enclosed courtyard, located approximately 13 kms east-north-east from Kathmandu, the temple is also on a hilltop, at an altitude of 1550 metres above sea level. Narayan, or Vishnu, is the preserver of creation to Hindus. Situated on the beautiful hil, the square two storeyed temple stands in the centre of a brickpaved courtyard, with the main structure raised on a three tier diminishing plinth, with doors on all four sides. The doors have pairs of carvings of animals such as lions, horses, griffins, and elephants with the main western door richly carved in brass, with a brass tympanum above the door. The roof is supported by 24 struts or brackets, which serve as decoration and to support the temple roof. His temple is often described as the most ancient temple in Kathmandu, based on a fifth century inscription on a stone pillar discovered inside the temple grounds. The Changu Narayan complex and associated statues, carvings and artifacts cover sixteen hundred years of Newari art and in effect chart the cultural development of the indigenous Newari people. The courtyard has many other temples such as that of Kileshwar Shiva, , Chinnamasta Devi, and other figures like that of Garuda. The temple and surrounding buildings exhibit some of the finest stone, wood, and metal craft in the Valley. It is therefore sacred to adherents of both religions and attracts thousands of pilgrims from around the world each year as one of the three most venerated power places in the Kathmandu Valley. The entry fee for foreign nationals is Rs. 60 per person.

(7) Dachhinkali (Attraction type: Religious site)
Kali is a bloodthirsty Hindu Goddess. This particular temple lies in the southernmost suburbs of the Valley, beyond Furping downward in a solitary ravine. So she is termed 'Dachhinkali' meaning South Kali. The important days for religious pilgrimage include Tuesdays and Saturdays. A ritual worship attached by animal sacrifice would not be an uncommon scene here the practice of which is totally against Buddhism in the birth land of Lord Buddha. The poor victims include the fowls, birds and sheep in general.

(8) Buddhanilkantha (Attraction type: Religious site)
Situated in the northern suburbs of the Valley just at the foot of Mt. Shibapur, this is an enchanting Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Bishnu Narayan. So the locality is also known as Narayanthan. He lies in a bed of serpents amidst the pious pool and seems to float on water. The surrounding pond actually represents the sea. The reclining statue was built in the 5th century A.D.The season of religious celebration here takes place right after the festival of Tihar. Although it is a renowned spot of worship, the reigning king of Nepal (may it be contemporary or any Hindu monarch) may not visit this place for reasons particularly unknown. Thus to please the king a replica of it has been built elsewhere if he wishes to visit it much.

(9) Bhadrakali Temple (Attraction type: Religious site)
As the eastern edge of the Tundikhel, near Shahid Gate stands the temple of Goddess Bhadrakali. This temple is also known as Lumarhi Temple and is one of the main "Shakta" temples of Kathmandu city.

(10) Karunamaya Temple (Attraction type: Religious site)
It is a Buddhist pagoda of considerable artistic beauty located in a holy courtyard called Jan Bahal, which is full of stupas and statues nearby Indra-Chowk. It consists of a two tiered bronze roof built by King Yakshta Malla in 1502 A.D. This authentic temple is surrounded by residential houses and busy shops. The chariot festival of White Karunamaya-the "God of Mercy" is annually celebrated in Kathmandu Valley.

(11) Akash Bhairab Temple (Attraction type: Religious site)
Also referred to as the Blue Bhairab sometimes, it is a three-storeyed temple in the principal market called Indra Chowk. The divine image of the Akash Bhairab is displayed outside for a week -long period during the great festival of Indra Jatra. The celebration of Indra Jatra honors Indra- the King of Heaven and the God of Rain.

(12) Jaishi Dewal (Attraction type: Religious site)
Five minutes from Kasthmandap the Shiva Temple of Jaishi Dewal is famous for its erotic carvings. It is still one of the main routes of the chariot festival of Indra Jatra, Gai Jatra and other festivals.

(13) Kimdol Monastery (Attraction type: Religious site)
Situated within Ward No. 15 of Kathmandu City adjacent to Swayamvu Hill is another famous Buddhist monastery called Kimdol. It is a small town itself full of Buddhist citizens. Kimdol resumes a hillock atop which sits a Buddhist embracing the two major aspects of Buddhism including Mahayan (Lamaism) and Hinyan (Therbad). Apart form that we find numerous stupas, chaityas and chhortens scattered around. Prayer-flags with printed Tibetan characters and holy diagrams flutter many terraces and rooftops. Kimdol bahal is believed to be the location whence the Hinyan (Therbad) from of Buddhism highly developed. Today only nunnery of the saffron robe is practiced here; monk hood has eventually shifted elsewhere. The bahal restricts the consumption of liquors of any kind (strong or mild), tobacco, meat, fish, egg and even garlic for all visiting the monastery. The spectacular view of old Kathmandu, i.e. Kantipur, can be clearly fetched form Kimdol height.

(14) Kopan Monastery (Attraction type: Religious site)
Hundreds of monks and nuns live at this monastery, which offers meditation courses year round. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND MONUMENTS IN KATHMANDU
(1) Narayanhiti Royal Palace (Attraction type: Historic home)
This is the current Royal Palace where the Himalayan Monarch of the Shah dynasty resides. It is built on a site of a much older one and owns a colossal compound. During the reign of late King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, the father of the present king, the main gate was facing west. Today the main gate eventually faces south. Special permission has to be gotten to enter the palace premises on days of privilege. A famous historic water spout called Narayanhity, is situated at the southern corner of the Palace.

(2) Singha Durbar (Attraction type: Historic palace)
Literally meaning Lion Palace, it is a grand imposing palace built on the neo-classical style surrounded by a colossal compound. It was built by His Excellency Maharaja Chandra Shamsher S.J.B. Rana- the 5th Rana Prime Minister. It once stood as the private residence of the Rana Premiers till 1950 but now remains the Secretariat Building of His majesty's Government. The Parliament (including the Upper House and the Lower House), the Radio Station, the Television Station, etc. are all located in the very premises.

(3) Martyr's Memorial/Sahid Gate (Attraction type: memorial arch)
This is located on the way to Singha Durbar, between Bhimsen Stambha and Bhadrakali temple.The memorial arch contains the effigies of four political leaders who were mercilessly martyred in 1940. Two were hung and two were shot. They include Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Shukra Raj Joshy, Dashrath Chand and Ganga Lal Shrestha. The fatherly statue of late King Tribhuwan Bir Bikram Shah Deb appears high in the middle. Late King Tribhuwan is solely held responsible to lead the Historical revolution of 1950- 51 for laying the foundation of today's democratic system, virtually replacing the cruel family autocracy of the Ranas.

(4) Dharahara (Attraction type: Historical monument/lookout)
Also known as Bhimsen Tower to the local people, it is a 165 feet tall tower built by Premier Bhimsen Thapa in 1932. One fetches a panoramic view of the whole valley of Kathmandu from the top of the tower. It has been open for the general public since Magh 2061 B.S.

(5) Ranipokhari (Attraction type: Historical pond/religious site)
Situated in between Ratna Park and Jamal. This historical pond has been built by Pratap Malla to sympathize his beloved wife who was deeply shocked by the death of his son. The pond is opened for public only at the last day of Tihar - "Bhai Tika". Those who doesn't have any brothers or sisters visit Rani Pokhari to pay homage to Lord Shiva on that day.

(6) Nagpokhari (Attraction type: Historical pond/religious site)
Nagpokhari is situated at Naxal, at the eastern side of the Royal Palace along the main road stretching from Thamel upto NaniKeshar Bahal. Nagpokhari bears great religious and historical significance possessing perennial importance after Ranipokhari. Its overall importance gradually increased after the renovation as a park on the initiative of Her Late Majesty the Queen Aishwarya Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah. There are other historical and cultural heritages situated in and around Nagpokhari area mainly Royal Palace, Lal Durbar, NAFA Hall, Phohara Durbar, Naxal Bhagawati, Nandikeshar Bahal, Shankar Kriti Mahabihar etc. Naga Panchami is the festival of snakes celebrated on the fifth day of the bright fortnight in the month of shravan. Naga, the Snake God is one of the important deities worshipped by the Nepalese believing that Naga or Snake protects and fulfill their wishes.Great lord Shiva wears Nagas as garland on his neck.
FESTIVALS OF NEPAL
Maghe Sankranti : (January)
A Sankranti signifies the first day of any month in the Nepali calendar year. Makar means Capricorn. Makar Sankranti, therefore, means the first day of the month when the sun enters that part of the zodiac which is symbolized by Capricorn. It starts on its northward journey in its heavenly course on this day, thus announcing the commencement of the Uttarayan. In the Nepalese belief this day marks the division of the Winter and Summer solstice. Bathing in rivers is prescribed for this day, especially at the river confluence and feasting with rich foods of special preparation is common in the family.

Sri Panchami or Basant Panchami : (February)
It is the day consecrated to honor Saraswati, the Hindu Goddess of learning, throughout Nepal. Saraswati shrines all over the Kingdom are filled with the crowd of school children and other students on this day. Goddess Saraswati reigns over the realm of speech, letters, arts and sciences, and all her tools are worshipped accordingly, pens, ink, books, pencils, and spinning wheels. Around the city are seen numerous wedding processions. Saraswati temples at Swayambhu and Neel Saraswati at Gairidhara are worth visiting during the morning. Sri Panchami announces the advent of the spring season in Nepal. On this day a religious function known as Basanta Shrawan is held at the court-yard of Hanuman Dhoka Palace. On this occasion Geet Govinda (Verses written by Poet Jaya Dev) is recited by the royal priest and hymns are sung by a concert of musician in accompaniment with musical instruments. His Majesty the King graces the function.

Maha Shivaratri : (February)
This is the most famous and celebrated festival of Nepal which attracts large crowds from far-Flung places both in India and Nepal. The festival as its very name suggests, is consecrated in honor of Lord Shiva. It is observed by bathing and holding of a religious fast. All Shiva shrines become the places of visit for dracaena, but the greatest attraction of all is held by the temple of Pashupatinath in Kathmandu. One gets to see hundreds of thousand of devout Hindus coming to visit the temple of Pashupati on this day. On this day religious Hindus worship Lord Shiva by offering flowers, garlands, 'bel patra' (leaves of 'bet' f rub), fruits, coins and so on and also by chanting prayers and hymns. Among them are a large number of Sadhus and ascetics.

Losar : (February-March)
Losar is the Tebetan New Year. This festival is most impressively observed by all the Tibetan-speaking populations. They organize folk songs and dances on this occasion. The Sherpas goes to Boudhanath on this occasion in Kathmandu. Losar is celebrated with prayers and feasts, and visits to relatives and friends.

Holi or Phagu Poornima : (March-April)
Holi is the festival of colour. It is observed for eight days just before the full moon of Phalgun during which time townsmen indulge in colour throwing at each other. The festival of colour is always heralded by the sticking of wooden pole known as chir with colourful streamers beside the old royal palace at Basantapur by the arrangement of the Government Religious Endowment (Guthi) Office. This festival is observed with most joy and gaity in the Terai region of the country. The festival is terminated with the burning of the pole on the night preceding the Phalgun full moon.

Ghodejatra : (March-April)
Ghodejatra or the festival of horse is held on-the fourteenth of the dark half of the Chaitra (sometime in March or April). The festival has two sides of its celebration. Its cultural side involves the Newars of Kathmandu who celebrate it for several days. The idols of the gods of many localities are taken in a procession in their area in portable chariots. Every household is feasting at this time. A demon called 'Gurumumpa' is also propitiated at this time in Tundikhel. This festival is called Pahachare. The other aspect of the festival is provided by the function organised by the Royal Nepalese Army at Tundikhel in the afternoon of the main day. Horse race and acrobatic shows are presented at this time in which His Majesty the King is present. A meeting of Lumadi, Bhadrakali, Kankeshwari and Bhairav takes place during the day time at the main celebration at Ason. The deities are brought in their portable chariots.

Chaite Dashain : (March-April)
Dashain is a great festival of Nepalese people. In Nepal it is observed twice a year-once in the month of Chaitra and once in Ashwin (Sept-Oct.). The former is observed on the eighth of the bright half of the month of Chaitra. On this occasion goddess Bhagawati is worshipped and animal sacrifices are made to her. But this festival is not observed with so much pomp and grandeur as the one which is observed in Autumn.

Nava Barsha or New Year : (April 13 or 14th)
The Nepalese festivals follow round the traditional ,religious' Lunar Calendar in the same sequence. An exception is New Year Day, which always fails in the middle of April, observed throughout Nepal as the first day of the official Nepalese solar Calendar, i.e., the first day of Baisakh. This day is an official holiday for Nepal. The most important New year festival in the Valley is held at Bhaktapur City, located fourteen kilometers on east of Kathmandu. This festival is known as Bisket Jatra meaning the festival after the death of serpent. The main attraction of the festival is the erection of the 'lingo', a ceremonial pole, a thick, shorn tree-trunk some eighty feet in length. This is an exciting operation, for the pole, supported by bamboos and pulled by heavy ropes, must be made to rest in the centre hole of a large pile of cemented rocks. A large crowds from other town of the Valley assemble to watch this festival. During the week Bhairav, Bhadrakaii and other goddesses are dragged in chariots in the town.

Festival of Seto Machchhendranath (March-April)
This is a four-day chariot festival held in honor of the White (Seto) Machchhendranath (to be distinguished from the Red (Rato) form of the same divinity in Patan), who is actually the Padmapani Lokeshwara, whose permanent shrine is situated at Janabahal in Kel Tole in the middle of the old bazaar in Kathmandu. A huge chariot of wood supported on four large wheels and carrying a tall spire covered with green foliage is made ready for receiving the image of the divinity on this occasion and for dragging in the old part of city.

Matatirtha Aunsi or Mother's Day (April)
This day is observed as the Mother's Day with the expression of proper regards towards one's mother. It is individually performed by persons out of filial piety. Those whose mothers are already dead go to bathe and offer ablutions to their dead mothers at Matatirtha near Thankot village. The fortunate ones whose mothers are alive present her with gifts of sweetmeats and receive blessing from them.

Buddha Jayanti : (full moon day of April/May)
Buddha Jayanti is a great day for the Nepalese. This day which falls on the full moon of the month of Baisakh is celebrated to commemorate the birth, attainment of enlightenment and the death of Gautama Buddha, the founder preacher of Buddhism, more than 2500 Years ago. It is a thrice blessed day. It is the day when Buddha was born, when he was enlightened and when he got Nirvana (Salvation). prayers are sung and worship is offered by the devotees in leading Buddhist shrines throughout the country including Lumbini in the Rupandehi district, which is the birth place of Lord Buddha, the Light of Asia. There is a great fair held at Lumbini on this day.

Ghanta Karna : (June -July)
Ghanta Karna is also known as 'Gathyamuga'. This festival is a relic of the belief in demonolatry by the people of the Valley. Ghanta Karna, a demon and other evil spirits are propitiated and exercised on this day. An effigy made of green reeds is erected at all the main cross-roads of the town in the day. A person is painted in all kinds of colour till he looks like a grotesque figure representing the demon Ghanta Karna. This symbolic demon goes begging in the locality. At the end of the day he is dragged to a river on the green reeds symbolizing the driving away of the demon from the locality.

Naga Panchami : (July-August)
This is devoted to the worship of the Nagas, the divine serpents. Pictures of the Naga are stuck over the doorposts of all the houses in the morning as protective spells. This is also the day for the beginning of Gunialakhe dance in Kathmandu in which persons wearing masks of a demon entertain the people with their gimmick. People visit Nagpokhari, dedicated to Naga, the snake God.

Janai Poornima (Rokshya Bandhan) (July-August)
The full-moon of the month of Shrawan, the day when this festival is observed, is considered sacred ail over Nepal and is celebrated in different manner by different groups of people of Nepal. However, the most widely accepted mode of celebration is that on this day people take a ritual bath and change their sacred thread. Everyone gets a string of thread tied in his wrist from the Brahmans as a protective mark for the whole year. The Nepalese prepare a special dish called 'Kwati', (mixed sprouted beans) on this day. This day is also held sacred for bathing in Gosainkunda. One can also see a pageantry of the Jhankris (witch doctors) attired in their traditional costume come to bathe at Kumbheshwor at Patan. These Jhankris also visit the temple of Kaiinchowk Bhagavati (the goddess at Kalinchowk) in Dolkha district where they go to beg for their healing powers, as they are the traditional healers of the Nepalese villagers.

Gaijatra : (July-August)
In this festival teen-aged boys dressed up in the attire of a cow parade in the streets of the town. This custom spring from the belief that cows help the members of the family, who have died within that year, to travel to heaven smoothly. Some are also dressed up as an ascetic or a fool for achieving the same objective to their dead family members. Groups of mimics improvise short satirical enactments on the current sociopolitical scenes of the town to the entertainment of the public. The week beginning from Janai Poornima actually unfolds a season of good many religious and cultural activities. All the Buddhist monasteries open their gates to the visitors to view their bronze sculptures and collection of painting for a week. The spirit of the old festival is being increasingly adapted by Cultural Centres, newspapers and magazines of fling humor and satire on the Nepalese social and political life.

Pancha Dan: (July-August)
This is a Buddhist festival in which gifts are made by the laity to the monks. Since monastic Buddhism has been long extinct in Nepal, the receivers of the gift today are the Buddhist priests, the Shakyas and the Vajracharyas, who go begging aims to the house of their clients. Mainly food grains are offered on this occasion to the begging priests. Traditional collections of artifacts are displayed in monasteries and households on this occasion.

Gokarna Aunsi or Father's Day: (August-September)
This day is observed as the Father's Day with the expression of proper regards towards one's father. It is individually performed by persons out of filial piety. Those whose fathers are already dead go to bathe and perform shraddha ceremony in honor of their dead fathers at Gokarna. The fortunate ones whose fathers are alive present him with gifts of sweetmeat and delectable food and drink and receive blessings in return from them.

Gunla (August)
A Newar Buddhist holy month, celebrated at Swayambhunath, Kathmandu.

Teej and Rishi Panchani: (August-September)
Teej or Haritalika is purely a women's festival. These two days follow in close succession and are the days of observing religious fast for women folks of Nepal. On the day of Teej all the women observe fasting for twenty-four hours for the longevity of their husbands' life and go to visit the shrine of Pashupati and offer worship to Lord Shiva and his consort Parbati later in the evening. The Panchami is mainly devoted to cleaning the body by taking ritual bath in rivers for any sin or impurity the women folks may have committed during the past year. On this day women worship the seven Rishis in reminiscence of a high ascetic tradition of Hinduism and a notion of purity of descent in their lineage from the ancestral Rishis. All women whose husbands are alive are seen wearing red garments invariable and decked in all sorts of jewelry on these two days.

Indrajatra: (August-September)
Indrajatra heralds a week of religious and cultural festivity in Kathmandu. There are several foci of this festival. On the night when this festival begins, members of the family in which death has taken place within one year go round the town limits of Kathmandu burning incense and putting lamps along the route. The same morning a tall wooden pole representing the standard of lndra, the king of gods is erected in front of the Hanuman Dhoka Palace. Wooden statutes of lndra and large wooden masks of Bhairav are put on display in the old bazaar. Several groups of religious dance like the Devinach, Majipat Lakhe, Bhairav and Bhakku and Mahakaii Nach come into life during this week. The week also commences the dragging of chariots of Ganesh, Bhairav and Living Goddess Kumari in Kathmandu. His Majesty the King comes to pay homage to Kumari just before the start of the chariot-pulling.

Dashain (September-October)
It is truly the national festival of Nepal. Every Nepai is stirred by the prospects of the joy this festival is supposed to bring with it. The change of mood is also induced psychologically by the turn off autumn season after blue sky and a green carpet of fields. The climate is also put ideal at this time, it neither being too cold nor too warm. The Nepalese cherish their Dashain as a time for eating well and dressing well. The whole festival lasts a total of ten days. The first nine days are devoted to worship the goddess Durga Bhavani and her diverse manifestations. Each house also sets up a shrine to worship the goddess at this time. Barley seeds are planted on the first day in every household and nurtured for nine days. During the nine days goddess Durga Bhavani is worshipped and offered a lot of blood sacrifice. Buffaloes, goats and chickens are killed in thousands at the temples, at military posts and in every household. One of the main centres that witnesses the animal sacrifice in a large scale at this time is the Hanuman Dhoka Palace on the night of the eighth day and the morning of the ninth. On the concluding day of the festival called the Tika, the elders of the family give tika to their junior members and to other relatives who may also come to seek their blessing. The fresh shoots of the barley known as 'Jamara' are also given to wear. Family feasting and feasting of guests is a common practice at this time. On the day of Vijaya Dashami people go to Narayanhity Royal Palace to receive tika from their Majesties the King and the Queen.

Tihar, Laxmi Puja and Nhoo Da (Newari New Year): (October-November)
The festival of lights comes just after a fortnight of the departure of Dashain from the scene. The earlier festival mood helped on by the turn of a genial weather continues to glow the mind of the Nepalese during this festival also. The festivity lasts for five days and is marked by worship to different animals such as the crow, the dog and the cow on different days. Perhaps the most endearing sight of this festival is presented by the illumination of the entire town with rows of tiny flickering lamps at the duskbreak on the day of Laxmi Puja. In the evening of this day, the goddess of wealth, Laxmi, is worshipped at every household and it is in her welcome that myriad of lamps are burnt. On the day of Mha-puja, Newari New Year day is celebrated by the Newar community, dedicated to Shankadhar Shakwa, founder of Newari calendar. On the New Year Day, you can see different Newari culture, dresses, music, dance at Basantapur, Hanuman Dhoka. Women play 'Bhailo' on the third day, and men play 'Deusi' on the fourth day visiting door to door singing and dancing and blessing each household with long life and prosperity. The family in return gives them food and cash as a mark of goodwill. On the last day Bhaitika, sisters show their affection towards their brothers with the performance of a puja and feed them with delectable food. They pray for their brother's long life to Yama, the Hindu god of death.

Bala Chaturdashi: (November-December)
Pilgrims from ail over Nepal throng at Pashupati temple from the night before and burn an oil lamp to the god for the whole night. In the morrow they take a holy dip in the sacred water of the Bagmati, pay obeisance to Pashupati and traverse the route prescribed for that occasion scattering 'a hundred variety of seeds' in Kailash forest of Pashupati so that their dead relations may reap the fruit of this merit in the next world.
ARTS, ARCHITECTURE AND HANDICRAFTS IN KATHMANDU
Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal is the storehouse of Nepali arts and architecture. You can find so many temples and statues in the streets, every other building is a temple in the city. For this reason this valley is also known as the city of temples and shrines. There are over 2,500 big temples and monuments in the small valley. The art and architecture of Kathmandu is inspired by Hindu and Buddhist religion and culture. Kathmandu is endowed with such arts and sculpture. Here are the facts about some of the famous architectural designs of Kathmandu:

Pagoda Style : The pagoda style temple is Nepal's unique architectural contribution to the world. The pagoda style of architecture refers to multi-roofed structure with wide caves of the roof supported by carved wooden struts. The roofs are either topped with tiles or plated with copper gilt. A pagoda temple roof is topped off by spires. The windows are generally latticed and the doors carved. Nepal is the only country having so many temples made in the pagoda style. Some of the pagoda style temples are Changu Narayan, Pashupatipath, Taleju, Kasthamandap, Nyatapola etc.

Stupa Style : Another important style of architecture of Nepal is represented by the Stupa which is known as Chaitya also. The stupa style of architecture is Buddhist in concept. A Stupa is a solid hemispherical mound of earth, bricks or stones with a square base at the top. The square top supports a series of thirteen circular rings narrowed towards the top, and is crowned by a parasol. The four sides of the square base are painted with pairs of eyes. The eyes represent the eyes of Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. Some examples of the Stupa style of architecture are Swayambhunath stupa, Bouddhnath stupa etc.

Shikhara Style : This is a tall pyramidal structure. It has either five or nine sections. The final section consists of bell-shaped top. This architectural style is actually Indian in origin. The famous example of this design is Krishana Mandir of Patan. Other better known examples of this style are the Mahabouddha temple and Jagat Narayan temple in Patan, the Vatsala temple in Bhaktapur and the Gorakhnath temple in Kathmandu.
ENTERTAINMENT IN KATHMANDU
Night life: The most interesting after-dark activity is simply wandering the streets of old Kathmandu. As you wander the streets at night, listen for traditional Nepali music. In the evenings, impromptu bands often perform at small temples all over the city. This is also a good time to do your shopping since many shops catering to tourists stay open until 9pm. If you're dying to experience video night in Kathmandu, check the restaurants around Thamel. Many show videos of the latest Hollywood releases. There's also a video theater at the Kathmandu Guest House..

Pubs: Pubs and bars around Kathmandu offer a lively atmosphere in the late hours. Some of these feature live local bands who present renditions of past and present Western hits. Most are located in and around the tourist area of Thamel. A wide range of drinks,including punches and cocktails, can be found in these establishments. There may be temptation to try Nepali liquor but stand warned that it is a bit too strong both to the palate and the gullet. Opt for cocktails and punches. The barmen are sure to offer you a variety of cosmopolitan concoctions including a few that have been formulated locally. The best among hard liquor produced in Nepal are Himalayan Brandy, Snowland Gin, Bagpiper Whisky, Ruslan Vodka and Khukuri Rum. On the other hand locally manufactured beer happens to be good. Resulting from a combination of Nepal's Himalayan waters and technical collaboration with celebrated international master brewers like Carlsberg, Tuborg, and San Miguel, the beers of Nepal stand at par with top world brands. Some of the interesting bars and pubs are:
Blue Note Bar/New Orleans Café Bars & Pubs
Maya Cocktail Bar Bars & Pubs
Maya Pub. Bars & Pubs
Rum Doodle Bars & Pubs
The Tunnel Club Bars & Pubs
Tom & Jerry's Bars & Pubs
Underground Bars & Pubs
Holiday KTV Karoke Bar

Cultural Shows/Lok Dohari Restaurants: This is one way to get a taste of Nepal's varied cultural traditions without taking much trouble. The Lok Dohari Restaurants present Nepali cultural programs during dinnertime. Dance troupes with musical accompaniment perform a variety of Nepali folk and classical dances. These are usually performed before dinner beginning at 7:00 pm and run for an hour and a half or so. That gives you enough time ro enjoy a few drinks before your order is served. To soak in the ambience of totally Nepali experience, Nepali dishes are recommended for such an evening.

Casino: Used to be a time when Kathmandu was famous for having the only casino between the Suez and Singapore. That has changed now but Nepal's casinos still find favor with people with a penchant for gambling and with those just wanting to try their luck. Casino Nepal operates a chain of 4 casinos around Kathmandu which stay open 24 hours a day . The casinos are located in all of the 5-star hotels of Kathmandu, i.e. Soaltee Crowne plaza, Yak & Yeti, Hotel de 1' Annapurna, Radisson Hotel, Hyatt Regency and the Everest Hotel. Casino Nepal offers complimentary transportation from select hotels in their shuttle coaches , and also provide on-the-house snacks and beverages to players of big stakes. Games operated in the four casinos are roulette, blackjack, baccarat, pontoon, flush, and rummy. And there are plenty of one-armed bandits (slot machines) for those that want to tackle them. The famous casinos operating in Nepal are:
Casino Nepal – Soaltee Crowne Plaza, Tahachal, Kathmandu
Casino Anna – Hotel de L'Annapurna, Durbar Marg, KathmandU
Casino Royale – Hotel Yak & Yeti, Durbar Marg, Kathmandu
Casino Everest – Hotel Everest, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu
Casino Rad – Radisson Hotel, Lazimpat, Kathmandu
Casino Tara – Hyatt Regency, Boudha, Kathmandu

Disco and Dance Resturants: Different disco theques are operating in Kathmandu. Some of the famous Disco theque in Kathmandu are Babylon Disco, Galaxy, Club Dynasty, Royal Disco, Fire Disco, Club Platinum, etc. Similarly, there are different dance restaurants around Kathmandu.

Gazal Restaurants: A popular spot for Nepalis dining out is the gazal restaurants. These are Indian-style restaurants (but which offer Chinese and Continental cuisine as well ) where singers perform live. The songs are generally popular Nepali and Hindi songs and, hence, are not strictly "gazal" restaurants. There are, however, a few that have gazals (soulful Urdu songs ) only on their repertoire.
SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM IN NEPAL
Ceramics and Pottery: Pre-historic pottery of Nepal consists of red, brown or black shades on unglazed surfaces. Excavation on various sites in the Kathmandu Valley have revealed specimens of ancient potteryware. They are ususally terracotta unglazed, although a few pieces of glazed potery have ben found. Most of Nepalese potteryware is for utilitarian purposes, such as container jars, water pitchers, lamps, washing bowls, flowers vases, and chilims-small objects used in religious workship. The pottery clay is found in the Kathmandu Valley. Black terracotta is another variety of folk pottery.

Bronze & Metal: Nepal, specially Kathmandu is an 'Aladdin's Cave' for shoppers, with reliable original antiques, along with reproductions of antiques plus masks, woodcarvings, and metal work all made to look old. From the beginning Nepal produced beautiful art work in metal. In temples of the Kathmandu valley there are copper statues made from the lost wax process that can be dated back to the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D. Along with casting the Nepalese are experts in repousse - hammer beaten brass and copper works. There are life size repousse images of Ganga and Jamuna in the three royal palaces of the Kathmandu Valley. The copper and brass sheets are beaten by hammer into the required shape and then gold is applied. Many tympanums, the royal statues of the three cities supported by the tall monolithic stone pillars are done this way. The golden gate of Bhaktapur, the golden windows of Patan durbar and Hanuman Dhoka are the best examples of these.

Gold Jewelry: Jewelry is closely associated with a culture's aesthetic ideals, with its sensuous contours, the glistering patterns of its stones - even materials from which they are made - all reveal a culture's impassioned view about what is beautiful. The Newar craftsmen of the Kathmandu valley created amulet boxes adorned with both HIndu and Buddhist iconography for their customers, Jewelry plays a significant role in Buddhist and Hindu iconography, with the gods and goddesses of these traditions richly adorned with abundant jewelry- crowns, earrings, necklaces, armlets, anklets, finger and toe rings. Along with the gold the HImalayan stones of coral, amber and turuoise decorate the amulets, the jewelry, the ornaments, rings, earrings, and necklaces, and even belts. Hunting among the antique, metal and jewelry shops of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur is a shopper's delight.

Semi Precious Stones: The artistic finesse of Nepal is also seen in semi precious stones like coral, quartz and crystal.Hindus of Nepal use as pendant statue of a multiarmed Ganesh carved in coral, and some wear a ring carved from coral. The real art works are all handmade with traditional technology and or course their price reflects these age old techniques. In Thamel, there are bead shops which sell beads for jewellery, using coral, amber, turquoise and silver made up, or loose to design yourself.

Masks: The gods are on the one hand, the demons on the other, representing good and evil; they are the two radical opposing forces in Hindu mythology who have been fighting ever since the beginning of creation itself. Masked dances are performed in Nepal on almost every major religious occasion, like Gaijatra, Indra Jatra, Pachalibhairab Jatra, etc. and the dancers are mostly gardeners from the Newar community. At Bouddhanath you can see many old wooden masks which are quite old and have an antique or art value, and Thimi is the place to see the paper and clay masks including the masters turning a lump of clay into a beautiful masked wall hanging.

Handmade paper (Lokta paper): The Nepalese handmade paper is called "kancho kagaz" This paper is ancient in origin. Nepali paper is used in making kites, dolls and toys, papier mache, calendars, envelopes and writing material, in writing horoscopes, mandalas and thangka painting. The raw material of Nepali paper still grows wild; it has not been cultivated as yet. The common name for the bark is Lokta. Handmade paper produciton can be seen very easily on the edges of the Kathmandu Valley. More enterprising entrepreneurs are now pressing petals, flowers and leaves into the paper and are making wallpapers, lamp shades and other designer items.

Tibetan Woollen Carpets: The famed Tibetan woollen carpets are found aplenty. In Durbar Marg and Bouddhanath there are antique stores selling old carpets from Nepal and Tibet. The modern carpets, copies of old Tibetan designs, are woven with New Zealand or Tibetan wool, and mostly with reliable Swiss dyes, but vegetable dye rugs or carpets are sought after and can be found. As well there are modern designs, and of course they all come in different qualities, ranging from 60 knot to 100 knot.

Textiles: Raw materials for textiles are abundant in Nepal, and with the contrasting climates and altitudes there has been a wealth of materials which for centuries have been extracted, spun, twisted and wooven into a multitude of textiles. Textiles in Nepal are woven, knitted, crocheted, plaited or braide. The most remarkable and visible cotton textile are the intricately patterned, colourful cotton panels used for caps for men, and blouses and shawls for women, called Dhaka-cloth. A lovely cotton, with a very free design, very much up to the individual weaver, with no two pieces the same. The Limbus and Rais of the mid-mountains are famous for their Dhaka cloth. Pashmina shawls and lambswool shawls are everywhere, plus jumpers and cardigans from Cashmere, and some handknitted jumpers in local colours and designs. Cashmere, Pashmina shawls are in demand in Tokyo, New York, Paris, London etc. Yak hair is made into shelters, ropes and cloting, yak skin for shoes, saddle bags and straps. Sheep's wool was made into rainproof Nepalese woollen blankets that were used for trading items 2,000 years ago; and now woven clothing, blankets and rugs are still in use in the mountain areas. The most attractive Sherpa woollen front apron is woven from sheep's wool, hand spun and coloured with multi coloured natural dyes. Silk is also used in the pashmina and silk combined shawls. Jute goods and raw jude are important export items for Nepal to India and Bangladesh. Within Nepal the jute is sold to the mills in the Terai where it is machine spun and made into sack cloth and rope.

Thangkas: Painting is the mother of all forms of art. Wall paintings, frescos and mural paintings are found in the Kathmandu valley, with whole rooms painted without an inch uncovered, showing both religious and secular themes. Thangka painting in Nepal was used to describe the complicated tantric philosophy which also worked as a visual aid to a layman. The two types of thangka painted are the Newari Thangka and the Tamang Thangka. The Newar thangkas have gods, Buddhist gods dominating the whole canvas, while the Tamang thangkas mostly depict mandalas, the life of Buddha and the wheel of life. Throughout Kathmandu valley, Thangka schools and painters can be visited, and time can be spent learning, listening and watching the artists at their work.

Woodcarving: In the annals of the art and architectural treasures of Nepal wood has been the most common material used for carving. Besides the struts, windows of various designs, the peacock window, the Desemaru Jhya, meaning the unparalleled one, fake and lattice windows have added to the beauty of Nepalese temples and monasteries. They have beautiful carvings on their pillars and door-frames, lintels and cornices. There are intricate carvings of a number of animals and birds including the story of Ramayana,. These temples have erotic carvings at the bottom of their roof struts, a symbol of the tantric cult.

Khukuri: Khukuris, curved steel knives used by the Gurkha soldiers, are particularly a popular souvenir to take back home. An authentic khukuri should have a notch on it's blade near the handle. Sheathed together with the khukuri in the scabbard are two tiny knives: one is the karda whih is used for sharpening the khukuri, and the other called a chakmak is for striking a flintstone to make fire.
ACCOMMODATION IN KATHMANDU
Accommodation plays an active role in the tourist movement. Without the facilities of accommodation no tourism is possible. Accommodation can itself be an important tourist destination. There is no dearth of comfortable accommodation in Kathmandu as there are more than a hundred hotels and lodges in and around Kathmandu for all kinds of budgets. A wide variety of accommodation such as hotels, motels, lodges, guest houses, apartments, rented houses, paying guest house, local house, tea house, tents, inns, resorts, etc. are available in Kathmandu. Thamel today is an agglomeration of hotels, restaurants, pubs and souvenir shops.

TABLE 1: Hotel accommodation in Kathmandu are their rates
Categories Hotel Count Room Count Average Single Room Rate
5 Star 7 1334 US $ 143.57
4 Star 9 819 US $ 105.55
3 Star 12 686 US $ 55.00
2 Star 23 834 US $ 27.08
1 Star 20 581 US $ 15.05
Non-star 81 1334 US $ 20.16

The top hotels of Kathmandu are : Soaltee Crowne Plaza, Hotel de L'Annapurna, Hotel Yak & Yeti, Hotel Everest, Radisson Hotel, Hyatt Regency, Hotel Sherpa, Hotel Ambassador, Shangri-La Hotel, Hotel Himalaya, Summit Hotel, Dwarika Hotel, Hotel Vajra, Nirvana Garden Hotel, Malla Hotel, Woodland, Utse, Shankar Hotel, The Retreat, Hotel Singi, MarcoPolo Business Hotel, Gazabko Business Court, Kathmandu Guest House etc.

Dining and Eating Places in Kathmandu:
It has often been said that Kathmandu is the cuisine capital of this part of the world. Therefore eating out in Kathmandu is a delight. You will be surprised at what you can get to eat around Kathmandu. Of the popular cuisines around the world, you name it and most are available here: Continental, Russian, Italian, Mexican, Thai, Chinese, Japenese, Tibetan, Indian, Nepali and Newari. A wide varieties of restaurants and eating places are available in Kathmandu. Some of the top restaurants are Nanglo, The Bakery Cafe, Rum Doodle, Bhojan Griha, Bhanchha Ghar, Cafe Mitra, The Northfield Cafe, Tien Shan, Tian Rui, China Town, Old Vienna Inn, The Chimney, Tansen, Ghar E Kabab, Vaishali, Al Fresco, Tamura, Him-Thai, Chez Caroline, Bi-won, Delicias Gourmet, Dhokaima, Nepali Chulo, LaSoon, Cross Kitchen, Himalayan Cafe, Latin Quarter, Baithak, The Mike's Breakfast, Wunjula, The Delicatessen, Wimpys, Oriental Kitchen etc.
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